Surrogates Python API

The full surrogate library lives in linac_gen.surrogates. Five small modules cover training, persistence, registration, comparison, and the per-element surrogate class itself.

from linac_gen.surrogates import (
    SurrogateFieldMap,        # the surrogate element class
    MlpHead,                  # the underlying MLP module
    Scope, SurrogateMetadata, # data classes
    OutOfScopeError,          # raised when input is OOD
    registry,                 # global runtime registry
)
from linac_gen.surrogates.training import (
    train_surrogate_for_element,
    generate_training_data, train_surrogate,
    save_surrogate, load_surrogate,
    find_cached_surrogate, discover_cached_surrogates,
)
from linac_gen.surrogates.compare import (
    compare_envelope, plot_compare_report,
    CompareReport,
)

Training

The one-shot orchestrator:

from linac_gen.core.particle import H_MINUS
from linac_gen.core.reference import ReferenceParticle
from linac_gen.io.tracewin_parser import parse_tracewin
from linac_gen.surrogates.training import train_surrogate_for_element

lat, _ = parse_tracewin("examples/pipii/mebt/mebt.dat")
elem = next(e for e in lat.elements if e.name == "FMAP_001")

ref_template = ReferenceParticle(species=H_MINUS, w_kin=2.12, frequency=162.5)

mlp, meta = train_surrogate_for_element(
    element=elem,
    ref_template=ref_template,
    n_samples=50_000,
    ref_w_kin_range=(2.0, 2.5),
    param_ranges={
        "ke":    (elem.ke * 0.80, elem.ke * 1.20),
        "phase": (elem.phase - 20.0, elem.phase + 20.0),
    },
    hidden_dims=(128, 128, 128),
    epochs=300,
    out_dir="weights/FMAP_001",
    lattice_hash="bb088243c9fb33ce",
    element_key="FMAP_001",
    n_workers=12,             # CPU parallel data gen
)
print(f"val MAPE = {meta.val_mape:.3e}")

train_surrogate_for_element(...) signature

Arg	Type	Required	Notes
element	FieldMapElement	✅	source whose fitted_matrix(ref) provides ground truth
ref_template	reference particle	✅	cloned per sample; only w_kin is varied
n_samples	int	✅	LHS sample count
ref_w_kin_range	(lo, hi) MeV	✅	scope on incoming kinetic energy
param_ranges	dict[str, (lo, hi)]	✅	element attributes to sweep
out_dir	path	✅	where to save weights.pt + metadata.json
hidden_dims	tuple of int	(128,128,128)	MLP hidden layer sizes
activation	"silu"/"tanh"/"relu"	"silu"	smooth = better Jacobians (M7-friendly)
epochs	int	200	training epochs
lr	float	1e-3	Adam learning rate
batch_size	int	256	minibatch size
val_frac	float	0.2	hold-out split for val MAPE
seed	int	42	LHS + train RNG seed
lattice_hash	str	"unknown"	recorded in metadata
element_key	str / None	None	defaults to element.name
verbose	bool	False	progress prints
n_workers	int / None	None	≥2 enables multiprocessing.spawn; output bit-identical to serial for fixed seed

Building blocks (use if you need finer control)

from linac_gen.surrogates.training import (
    generate_training_data, train_surrogate, save_surrogate,
)

X, Y, info = generate_training_data(
    element=elem, ref_template=ref_template,
    n_samples=200, ref_w_kin_range=(2.0, 2.5),
    param_ranges={"ke": (0.054, 0.082), "phase": (-110, -70)},
    seed=42, n_workers=8,
)
mlp, norm, val_mape = train_surrogate(
    X, Y, hidden_dims=(64, 64), epochs=40, lr=3e-3, seed=42,
)
save_surrogate(mlp, metadata, "weights/FMAP_001")

Loading and discovery

from linac_gen.surrogates.training import (
    load_surrogate, find_cached_surrogate, discover_cached_surrogates,
)

# Always-load (raises if missing).
mlp, meta = load_surrogate("weights/FMAP_001")

# Try-load: returns None if dir missing / files incomplete / metadata bad.
result = find_cached_surrogate("weights/FMAP_001")
if result:
    mlp, meta = result

# Discover everything in a per-lattice weights root:
cached = discover_cached_surrogates(
    "linac_gen/surrogates/weights/bb088243c9fb33ce",
    element_names=["FMAP_001", "FMAP_002"],  # restrict; None = everything
)
# -> {"FMAP_001": (mlp, meta, Path), ...}

The runtime registry

The envelope hook in tracking/envelope.py:_fitted_matrix_slice_at looks up surrogates by element name on every matrix call. Register to engage, unregister to disengage.

from linac_gen.surrogates import SurrogateFieldMap, registry

# Bind the trained MLP to a concrete element instance in the lattice.
surr = SurrogateFieldMap(elem, mlp, meta)

registry.register(surr)                       # engage
surr_back = registry.get_by_element_name("FMAP_001")
assert surr_back is surr

registry.unregister(meta.lattice_hash, "FMAP_001")  # disengage
registry.clear()                              # wipe everything

The registry is process-global state. In a long-running process that runs many comparisons, clear between runs to avoid stale surrogates from a previous lattice contaminating the current one.

Comparing envelopes

from linac_gen.surrogates.compare import (
    compare_envelope, plot_compare_report,
)

ref = ReferenceParticle(species=H_MINUS, w_kin=2.12, frequency=162.5)
init_twiss = dict(
    alpha_x=1.228, beta_x=0.316, emit_x=0.21 / max(ref.bg, 1e-9),
    alpha_y=-0.0954, beta_y=0.113, emit_y=0.21 / max(ref.bg, 1e-9),
    alpha_z=0.0, beta_z=819.05492, emit_z=0.06231832,
)
report = compare_envelope(
    lat, ref, init_twiss,
    current=5.0,                       # mA; > 0 to engage SC slice path
    surrogates=[surr1, surr2, surr3, surr4],
)
print(report.summary_text())
plot_compare_report(report, "/tmp/cmp.png",
                     title="MEBT @ 5 mA: all-surrogate vs RK4")

CompareReport fields

Attribute	Type	Meaning
s	ndarray	arc length (mm)
sigma_baseline / sigma_surrogate	dict[str, ndarray]	keys "x", "y", "phi", "w"
end_of_line	dict[str, float]	sigma_{k}_base, sigma_{k}_surr, rel_diff_{k}
wall_baseline_s / wall_surrogate_s	float	seconds
scope_ok	bool	True if every query was in scope (OOD silently falls back)
surrogate_names	list[str]	names engaged this run
notes	list[str]	warnings (e.g. "no surrogate engaged")
speedup()	method	wall_baseline_s / wall_surrogate_s
worst_rel_diff()	method	max of the four end-of-line rel.diffs
summary_text()	method	multi-line CLI-friendly summary

compare_envelope preserves the global registry state — whatever was registered before the call is restored after, so it's safe to call in a long-running session.

Comparing multi-particle runs

The MP analogue of compare_envelope runs the multi-particle tracker twice — a pure-RK4 baseline (registry temporarily cleared, MP engagement off), then the hybrid linear-anchor + RK4-residual path with the surrogates registered — and diffs the two:

from linac_gen.surrogates.compare import (
    compare_mp, plot_compare_mp_report,
)

report = compare_mp(lat, beam, surrogates=[surr1, surr2],
                    residual_n_steps=15)
print(report.summary_text())
plot_compare_mp_report(report, "/tmp/cmp_mp.png")

CompareMpReport mirrors CompareReport but for MP quantities: s, sigma_baseline / sigma_surrogate (keys "x", "y", "z"), emit_baseline / emit_surrogate (keys "nx", "ny"), transmission_baseline / transmission_surrogate, end_of_line rel-diffs (σ_x/σ_y/σ_z/ε_nx/ε_ny/transmission), wall times, residual_n_steps, plus the same speedup() / worst_rel_diff() / summary_text() helpers. Like the envelope version, compare_mp restores the whole registry + MP-engagement state afterwards, and each surrogate's own residual_n_steps setting is restored too.

Drop-in inference

When you've already registered surrogates, normal HELIX code paths (envelope solver, matcher, parameter scans) pick them up automatically — no changes to your scripts needed.

from linac_gen.tracking.envelope import EnvelopeSolver
res = EnvelopeSolver(lat, ref, init_twiss, current=5.0).run()
# -> uses every surrogate currently registered when admissible.

For ad-hoc inference outside the envelope solver, call surr.fitted_matrix(ref) directly:

M = surr.fitted_matrix(ref)         # 6x6 numpy array
# raises OutOfScopeError if ref kinematics or surr's bound
# element params fall outside the trained scope.

Out-of-scope handling

A surrogate is queried with an input vector [w_kin, beta, gamma, *param_values]. Each component must lie within the metadata's scope bounds; otherwise:

from linac_gen.surrogates import OutOfScopeError

try:
    M = surr.fitted_matrix(ref)
except OutOfScopeError as e:
    print(f"OOD: {e}")
    # The envelope hook catches this exception and silently falls
    # back to the wrapped RK4 element -- runs are correct but slow.

Programmatic check before calling:

import numpy as np
x = np.array([ref.w_kin, ref.beta, ref.gamma, surr._wrapped.ke,
              surr._wrapped.phase])
if not surr.metadata.scope.is_in_scope(x):
    print("would fall back to RK4")

Cross-references

• Overview — what surrogates are.
• GUI walkthrough / CLI — equivalent end-user flows.
• Training guide — sample sizing, MP, scope, troubleshooting.

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